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Friday, 4 September 2026
Zero‑alcohol drinks are rising in popularity. What do young people think about them?
Over the past decade, zero-alcohol drinks have gone from a relatively niche product to a staple of our supermarket aisles, bottle stores and pubs.
Their rising appeal in New Zealand and around the world isn’t difficult to understand. Patrons can enjoy the closest thing there is to beer or wine, but without the alcohol, they don’t need to worry about taxi fares or hangovers.
But how do young people view these products? Might they offer an alternative for teenagers as they begin navigating social situations where their peers are drinking?
Or, more concerningly, could products designed to look, taste and feel like alcoholic drinks simply reinforce long-standing problems with New Zealand’s drinking culture?
Our recently published research suggests these booze-free options can indeed fulfil some of the social and symbolic roles young people associate with drinking.
But there are important limits to what they can replace.
Why do young people drink?
The health harms of alcohol are well established – and they rarely stop with the drinker, extending outward to affect partners, families and entire communities.
Globally, this harm contributes to an estimated 2.6 million deaths each year and is linked to more than 200 diseases, injuries and other health conditions.
In New Zealand, its economic toll – through lost productivity, road crashes, healthcare and other impacts – has been calculated at more than NZ$9 billion a year.
The risks of drinking from a young age are known too. Around half of young New Zealanders drink alcohol, with 6.3% drinking at hazardous levels. This early exposure can increase the risk of harmful drinking and dependence later in life.
But it’s also important to remember that young people drink for many reasons other than just getting drunk. It can be part of bonding with others, fitting in or expressing identity. They can drink to celebrate, to feel better or to regulate emotions.
So, if zero-alcohol drinks are going to provide an alternative, can they fulfil these emotional, social, and symbolic roles too?
There are also concerns they could have the opposite effect, potentially creating a gateway to alcohol consumption later on. With relatively little known about how young people perceive these products, we sought to gain a clearer picture.
In our research, we spoke to 52 Year 11 students aged 15 and 16 from three secondary schools across New Zealand.
Using creative, art-based techniques, they shared with us what alcohol and zero-alcohol drinks symbolised for them and whether they thought zero-alcohol could replace alcohol for young people.
We found zero-alcohol drinks could be used to fit in socially. They could also communicate something positive about the person drinking them, such as being responsible for themselves and others.
However, even at this young age, participants recognised that zero-alcohol could not provide the same emotional crutch as alcohol.
For instance, they recognised that zero-alcohol couldn’t “make boring things fun”. In situations they considered inherently fun – going to the beach, weddings or concerts – they could imagine zero-alcohol replacing alcohol.
But in “boring” settings, or situations where they felt socially anxious, they saw regular alcohol as serving a different purpose.
Changing what drinking represents
Our findings suggest several ways health promotion, regulation and education could potentially reduce alcohol harm among young people.
Health promotion could pair zero-alcohol drinks with fun settings normally associated with alcohol, encouraging the idea that there are alternatives to drinking at these occasions.
Restricting alcohol advertising and product placement that link alcohol with fun, could also help reduce that association between alcohol, socialising, and having fun.
As well, young people could be given more education around social skills, coping mechanisms, and emotion regulation, alongside alternative messages to those presenting alcohol consumption as normal.
Ultimately, the symbolic meaning young people attach to zero-alcohol drinks may determine how useful they are as an alternative.
We found evidence that zero-alcohol can be used to fit it, but if it is seen as less valuable than full-strength alcohol, and doesn’t provide the same social status or acceptance, young people may continue to choose alcohol.
But if zero-alcohol gains equal value as a way of socialising and fitting in, it could challenge the idea that drinking alcohol is necessary to be accepted.![]()
Ann-Marie Kennedy, Professor or Marketing, Business School, University of Canterbury; Jennifer Smith, Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Education, University of Canterbury; Johnpaul Smith, Lecturer of Marketing, Swinburne University of Technology, and Rachael Dixon, Senior Lecturer, University of Canterbury
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
Thursday, 3 September 2026
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I’m trying to lose weight. Will exercising make me hungrier and eat more?
We’ve all been there. You spend an hour in the gym, and before you even reach the change room, you start thinking about our favourite takeaway meal – after all, you’ve earned it!
Before long, you’re tucking into a super-sized meal. Then the guilt hits: what was the point of exercising to burn all those calories if it just makes us eat even more calories?
But while this might be a familiar pattern, it’s not necessarily a super-sized hunger at play. Let’s see what the science says.
How exercise impacts our appetite
While many people report that exercise makes them hungry, the science is more nuanced.
In the short term, a bout of exercise can actually suppress appetite. A meta-analysis of 20 studies found exercise reduced the hunger hormone ghrelin while increasing hormones associated with fullness, including PYY, GLP-1 and pancreatic polypeptide.
But this effect is temporary. A more recent systematic review and meta-analysis found exercise suppressed appetite initially, but this effect wore off 30–90 minutes later.
So exercise isn’t an appetite-suppression strategy. Rather, there appears to be a short window after exercise when our appetite may be dampened before it returns to normal.
There is an important distinction between what happens after one workout and what happens when we exercise regularly.
A systematic review of exercise training in adults who were above a healthy weight or who had obesity found a small increase in hunger levels while fasting.
However, there were no clear or consistent increases in post-meal or daily hunger, and exercise did not substantially increase average energy intake.
In other words, if you’re exercising more, you may well feel hungrier at some point. That’s not your body “fighting” exercise – it’s a normal physiological response to having expended more energy.
People don’t necessarily compensate by eating back all the energy they have used.
Does exercise intensity matter?
A systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 randomised controlled studies found both short bursts of high-intensity exercise (interspersed with recovery) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise temporarily suppressed appetite.
High-intenstity exercise suppressed participants’ appetites a little more, though differences weren’t consistent.
But this doesn’t mean you need to start doing high-intensity interval training to control your appetite. The bigger lesson is our appetite can change temporarily in response to exercise, and people respond differently.
Choose forms of physical activity you enjoy and can realistically keep doing. Enjoyment is an important part of maintaining regular exercise, and regular activity is far more valuable than choosing a particular workout simply because it produces a short-term hormonal effect.
How much exercise will result in weight loss?
The amount of exercise you need depends on your goal.
For general health, adults should aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous activity on most days, plus regular light activity and muscle-strengthening exercises twice a week.
For weight loss, more is needed. Research suggests around 60 minutes of moderate-intensity activity a day may be required to achieve meaningful weight loss from exercise alone.
So why can you sometimes feel ravenous after exercising?
The answer isn’t necessarily that exercise has “switched on” your appetite. Several things can be happening at once.
First, there’s the simple biology: if you’ve expended a substantial amount of energy, your body may eventually respond by increasing hunger as it works to restore energy balance. The more energy you expend, the more likely it is that genuine hunger will appear later.
There are also psychological and behavioural factors.
After exercising, we may give ourselves permission to eat more because we feel we’ve “earned” it. Research suggests people can be more likely to seek a food reward when they perceive an activity as exercise rather than simply as something enjoyable or recreational.
Hydration can also matter. If you’ve exercised while dehydrated, thirst and hunger can sometimes be difficult to distinguish.
But this shouldn’t be interpreted as meaning that post-exercise hunger is simply thirst in disguise. If you’ve expended a lot of energy, genuine hunger is a perfectly normal response.
So don’t fear hunger after exercise – but don’t automatically assume you’ve “earned” a super-sized meal either.
How to manage your post-exercise hunger
Research suggests regular exercise can reduce our desire for high-energy foods and and help reduce overeating.
But if your post-exercise hunger is genuinely derailing your weight goals, here are some strategies that might help:
1. Hydrate first
After exercise, have some water and give yourself a moment to check in with your body. If you’ve been sweating heavily or exercising in hot conditions, replacing fluids is important.
2. Check whether you’re genuinely hungry or just want a reward
Real hunger comes on gradually and has distinct physical cues: a rumbling stomach, low energy, a headache, light-headedness and difficulty concentrating.
3. Eat if you’re genuinely hungry
Never deprive yourself of food. Your post-exercise hunger is your body working more efficiently and responding to increased energy and metabolic demands.
4. Reach for nature first
Have a filling post-exercise snack ready to go. Choose foods that are filling and nutrient-rich, such as:
- a handful of nuts
- Greek or natural yoghurt with berries
- a piece of fruit with a handful of nuts
- wholegrain toast with avocado or cottage cheese
- boiled eggs with wholegrain toast
- hummus with vegetable sticks
- a glass of milk.
These foods provide a combination of protein, fibre and healthy fats, which can help keep you satisfied until your next meal.
The Charles Perkins Centre studies the science of obesity and weight loss. You can learn more about our clinical trials here.![]()
Nick Fuller, Clinical Trials Director, Department of Endocrinology, RPA Hospital, University of Sydney
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
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Great apes were using touch to reassure and keep the peace six million years before humans evolved – new research

During an eight-month-long research trip to the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Zambia, we studied consolation: the way bonobos and chimpanzees comfort each other after conflicts and distress. But early on, we kept noticing something that didn’t quite fit.
The animals were exchanging a lot of friendly physical contact, embracing, touching and kissing, in competitive situations before any clear conflict or distress signals had broken out. We started wondering what all that touching was actually for.
Our new research into how great apes manage social stress suggests it could be quite important, and that this behaviour dates back at least 6 million years, long before our species evolved. Like us, our closest ape cousins, the bonobos and chimpanzees, also navigate stressful and competitive situations every day.
One example is when they discover a tree laden with ripe fruit. Everyone wants to eat and conflicts of interest can often lead to fights. But something else caught our attention. More often, apes reach out to one another with friendly touch: embracing, patting and making gentle contact.
Our colleague Edwin van Leeuwen, a Dutch biologist, had developed a feeding task to measure social tolerance across great ape groups. This task is called the peanut swing. It involves filling a bamboo trough with peanuts and swinging it over the fence so the food lands in front of the apes. This spreads peanuts evenly across a small area while researchers record who gets food, and how much. We used this test to measure whether groups could share resources peacefully in close proximity.
Because the apes watched the trough being filled, we could observe how they behaved as anticipation built. Friendly touch clustered in the minutes just before the food arrived. Previous researchers called this celebration behaviour. But discovering food is not just a cause to celebrate. It is also tense and risky.
Could friendly physical contact be helping to keep that tension at bay?
To find out, we measured a five-minute anticipation period before the food was released. We watched everything the apes did: friendly contact like kissing, embracing and patting, as well as aggression and threats. Over several months, we filmed 116 apes from five groups across 60 sessions at two African sanctuaries, Lola ya Bonobo in the DRC and Chimfunshi in Zambia.
In both species, the answer was clear. Bonobos and chimpanzees who engaged in more reassuring friendly contact before the food arrived spent significantly more time feeding peacefully alongside others afterwards. This pattern held across most groups and was strongest in the most tolerant ones. Researchers consider tolerance – the willingness to share space without aggression – to be the foundation of cooperation and social learning across the animal kingdom. Our findings suggest that pre-emptive friendly touch may be part of how that tolerance is maintained.
The patterns followed the social structure of each species. In bonobos, female-female pairs were the most likely to show friendly reassurance. This reflects how bonobo society works: females form strong alliances to counter male aggression and occupy high status positions. In chimpanzees, it was males who reassured each other most, reflecting the importance of male coalitions in their societies.
For both apes, these patterns were clearest in the more tolerant groups. In groups with more authoritarian leaders, the pattern disappeared.
Some of the most striking behaviour we saw were among the chimpanzees. During tense moments, they placed fingers, hands and other body parts inside each other’s mouths. They also held each other’s genitals. For a species known for lethal aggression, these are extraordinarily risky things to do.
Perhaps the vulnerability is itself the signal of trust. You only offer a risky contact if you are confident the other animal won’t bite. And this communicates something important about how you see the relationship.
Touch is among humanity’s oldest forms of communication. Skin-to-skin contact between infants and caregivers is one of the first channels through which attachment forms, long before language develops. A 2006 study found holding a romantic partner’s hand can reduce threat-related brain activity. A 2001 paper found that a brief touch from a stranger can increase cooperation.
Research across five European cultures published in 2015 found that the area of the body you’ll let someone touch maps almost directly onto the strength of your emotional bond with them. There’s plenty of cultural variation though. Brits are famously more guarded about casual contact than other Europeans, and touch between men in many western contexts carries particular social weight.
Perhaps most strikingly, touch before competition makes a difference. A study of negotiators found that pairs who shook hands before bargaining cooperated more, lied less and reached better joint outcomes, even in situations where cooperation came at a personal cost. A handshake may signal something important about intent before a word is even spoken.
But physical contact matters even during competition. A 2010 study of all 30 teams in the US National Basketball Association during the 2008-09 season found that the teams who touched more during games early in the season, through fist bumps, hugs and high fives, performed better and played more cooperatively later. This held even after controlling for player salaries and preseason expectations. In another 2024 study of women’s college basketball, players who received more physical contact from teammates after missing their first free throw were more likely to score on the second.
We see the same thing in genuinely high-stakes situations too. Research analysing street conflicts using CCTV found that witnessing a fight increased anxiety in bystanders. But, those who then engaged in physical contact with others showed reduced anxiety afterwards. A separate study of consolation after street robberies found that the way bystanders approached and touched victims closely mirrored the post-conflict consolation we observe in chimpanzees.
Humans, bonobos and chimpanzees all use reassuring touch but our evolutionary lineages split over 6 million years ago. The simplest explanation is that reassuring touch predates all three of us, and is certainly far older than our own species. So let’s not forget that we hold within us powerful and ancient behaviour that can help us manage our social worlds and maintain peace.![]()
Jake Brooker, Research Associate in the Department of Biology, Utrecht University and Zanna Clay, Professor in the Department of Psychology, Durham University
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
Monday, 27 July 2026
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